Schematic Rise

Thursday, September 4, 2014

Water Level Indicator Circuit

Simple, two-wire, remote monitoring unit, Three-LED level display, 9V battery powered

The whole project was developed on a friends request. Its purpose was to remotely monitor the water-level in a metal tank located in the attic by means of a very simple control unit placed in the kitchen, some floors below.

Mains requirements were:

No separate supply for the remote schema
Main and remote units connected by a thin two-wire cable
Simple LED display for the main unit
Battery operation to avoid problems related to mains supply and water proximity
As the schema was battery operated a low current consumption was obviously welcomed

The very small remote unit is placed near the tank and measures the water level in three ranges by means of two steel rods. Each range will cover one third of the tank capacity:

Almost empty - signaled by means of a red LED (D3) in the control unit display
About half-level - signaled by means of a yellow LED (D2) in the control unit display
Almost full - signaled by means of a green LED (D1) in the control unit displa

Circuit diagram:

Water-level Indicator Circuit Diagram

Circuit operation:

When the water-level is below the steel rods, no contact is occurring from the metal can and the rods, which are supported by a small insulated (wooden) board. The small schema built around IC1 draws no current and therefore no voltage drop is generated across R5. IC2A, IC2B and Q1 are wired as a window comparator and, as there is zero voltage at input pins #2 and #5, D3 will illuminate. When the water comes in contact with the first rod, pin #13 of IC1 will go high, as its input pins #9 to #12 were shorted to negative by means of the water contact. Therefore, R4 will be connected across the full supply voltage and the remote schema will draw a current of about 9mA.

This current will cause a voltage drop of about 0.9V across R5 and the window comparator will detect this voltage and will change its state, switching off D3 and illuminating D2. When the water will reach the second rod, also pin #1 of IC1 will go high for the same reason explained above. Now either R3 and R4 will be connected across the full supply voltage and the total current drawing of the remote schema will be about 18mA. The voltage drop across R5 will be now about 1.8V and the window comparator will switch off D2 and will drive D1. The battery will last very long because the schema will be mostly in the off state. Current is needed only for a few seconds when P1 is pushed to check the water-level and one of the LEDs illuminates.

Parts:

R1 = 15K 1/4W Resistors
R2 = 15K 1/4W Resistors
R3 = 1K 1/4W Resistors
R4 = 1K 1/4W Resistors
R5 = 100R 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 47K 1/4W Resistor
R7 = 3.3K 1/4W Resistors
R8 = 3.3K 1/4W Resistors
R9 = 2.7K 1/4W Resistors
R10 = 15K 1/4W Resistors
R12 = 15K 1/4W Resistors
R13 = 3.3K 1/4W Resistors
R14 = 2.7K 1/4W Resistors
R15 = 2.7K 1/4W Resistors
D1 = 3mm Green LED
D2 = 3mm Yellow LED
D3 = 3mm Red LED
C1 = 470nF 63V Polyester or Ceramic Capacitor
J1 = Two ways output sockets
J2 = Two ways output sockets
P1 = SPST pushbutton
B1 = 9V PP3 Battery
Q1 = BC547 45V 100mA NPN Transistor
IC1 = 4012 Dual 4 input NAND gate IC
IC2 = LM393 Dual Comparator IC
Two steel rods of appropriate length

Notes:

The two steel rods must be supported by a small insulated (wooden) board
IC1 and R1-R4 are mounted on a small board placed near or on the steel rods support
The two-wire cable connecting the remote schema board to the main control board, i.e. J1 to J2, can be of any size and type (preferably thin for obvious reasons). It can be very long, if necessary.
The schema can be used also with non-metal tanks, provided a third steel rod having the height of the tank will be added and connected to pin #7 of IC1, R3, R4 and J1.
The 4012 chip was chosen because it contains two gates and was at hand, but you can use two of the gates contained into 4001, 4011, 4093, 4049, 4069 etc. chips, provided all inputs of each gate are tied together and all inputs of unused gates are connected to the positive rail, leaving output pins open.

How to Reuse Old Cell Battery for LED lighting

Normally cell batteries have a shelf life of 2 to 5 years under normal use. After that time we have to replace them. Nowadays there replacement batteries which are cheap, but these batteries last for much less cost only months. An easy solution is to use batteries in a schema that requires less current, we can use them for lighting LEDs.

How to Reuse Old Cell Battery for LED lighting

Wednesday, September 3, 2014

Solar IPod Charger Project and Schematic

Solar iPod Charger Schematic

The Solar Panel

To accomplish our iPod solar charger we acclimated a 250mA 6 Volt Solar Console (available in the REUK Shop). Alike in the brightest sunshine the voltage is not badly aloft that of the iPod battery, and the accepted is affluence abundant to allegation the array in a few hours in ablaze altitude (even in the UK!).

A blocking diode should be acclimated (in the absolute solar console lead) to anticipate the iPod array from boring clarification at night if it is still affiliated to the panel. Unforunately this after-effects in up to 0.7 Volts actuality absent as calefaction in the diode, so it can be larboard out if you adopt to accept a faster charger which will allegation the array in lower ablaze conditions.

Note that abounding solar panels are supplied with a branch adapted blocking diode.

In adjustment to adapt the voltage from our 6 Volt solar console we acclimated an LM317T dent (available from the REUK Shop) in the afterward cool simple schema:

Voltage Regulator

...where R1 is a 270 Ohm resistor, and R2 is theresistor used to set the output voltage according to the following equation:

R2 = R1 * ( (VOUT/1.25) -1 )

Since our desired charging voltage is 5 Volts, we see that ideally R2 would be 270 * ((5/1.25) -1) = 810 Ohms. This is not a standard resistor size, however we had an 820 Ohm resistor which should result in an output voltage of 5.05 Volts.

Wiring up the aloft ambit on a prototyping breadboard with a 270 Ohm R1 resistor, and 820 Ohm R2 resistor we can affirm that the achievement voltage is 5.06 Volts - absolute for our iPod charger. It is capital to analysis that the achievement voltage is about 5 Volts application a acceptable multimeter afore attempting to allegation your iPod or the array and/or iPod itself could be damaged.

iPod Solar Charger Prototyping

Connecting the Charger to the iPod

The iPod is supplied with a USB cable. One end is acquainted into the iPod and the added end has a macho USB-A plug.

It can generally be cheaper to buy a cable with a adapted changeable USB-A adapter and cut it off to use in this project. Simply affix the red USB cable wire to the 5V absolute achievement from the LM317T, and the atramentous USB cable wire to the arena (negative).

According the blueprint beneath the 5 Volt achievement from the LM317T should be affiliated to pin 1, and the arena (negative) affiliated to pin 4.

Is Bigger Better in Auto Sound Systems

When it comes to auto sound systems, one question seems to be repeated often-is bigger better? The honest answer to that is not by a long shot. There are many excellent quality sound systems that will not require the backseat and your first-born in order to enjoy wonderful quality of sound and music as you drive along on your daily commute. One thing that is important to remember is that dynamite does in fact come in small packages. The same can be true of a good quality sound system for your car, truck, or SUV.

You can elect to have the full range sound package. This package, if not custom installed by the dealer can take up a great deal of real estate within your car, truck, or SUV. If you own a compact car, these types of speakers and this particular type of sound system is definitely not recommended. The first reason it is unattractive is that it will most likely require either the vast majority of your trunk or take out your back seat. I for one like being able to cart around friends, relatives, and/or children-my back seat isnt up for grabs. I also prefer the continuity of a factory-installed system that takes up none of the premium living space within the interior of my SUV.

I am personally biased towards the wonderful sound quality of the Bose sound system and speakers. The quality of sound with this particular system is excellent and any true music lover will tell you that good quality of sound is better by far than a louder sound. This is not to say that the Bose sound system will be the perfect choice for everyone to use as his or her auto sound system only that it is my first choice as a music lover.

I prefer a softer sound that has good quality to a louder sound of the substandard or even average quality on any day. The problem with most big sound systems and speakers is that they often sound hollow or tinny rather than full and robust. A good auto sound system will provide the best possible sound within the confines of the least possible space. You will probably find that you dont need to sacrifice your backseat in order to hold the speakers and while the Bose sound system for automobiles does cost more than some sound systems, it wont require a second mortgage on your home in order to afford. There are actually times in life when you get what you pay for.

The important thing to remember is that you do not have to have the most expensive, the best known, or even the biggest sound system in order to have a wonderful quality sound system in your automobile. You will not even have to have a Bose sound system in order to have a sound system that is not only excellent quality but also excellent sound. You do not need to pay an arm and a leg or any other appendages in order to have a good sound on your daily commute to work.

Music is all around us, at work, at home, on television shows. Music sets moods, sets tones, and kills moods on occasion. It only makes sense that you have good quality equipment upon which to play the music that so greatly enhances and enriches your life. If you are in the market for an auto sound system it only makes sense to listen to several before deciding on the one that will work best with your musical tastes and your desire for your vehicle sound system. Dont be misled by commission minded sales associated that think you need the latest, greatest, and most expensive toy on the market. Find a system that sounds good to you and go with that system. You do not have to go for a better sound if you find a sound you like that should be enough.

Simple Schmitt trigger III Wiring diagram Schematic

We build 1st Simple Schmitt trigger Circuit Diagram and Simple Schmitt trigger II Circuit Diagram. Now we made to day Simple Schmitt trigger III Circuit Diagram. In this simple schema the lower trigger point is fixed at % Vcc, but the upper trigger point is adjustable by means of Pin 5 from Vi Vcc to slightly less than Vcc. The Schmitt trigger will operate with input frequencies up to 50 kHz.

Simple Schmitt trigger III Circuit Diagram

RF AF signal detector

The series that we will make this is a special electronic circuit can be used to detect the presence or absence of signal AF / RF. The circuit is very neat and simple to make. Costs it takes quite cheap. If you are already assembling this circuit, then with easy reader determine whether there is AF or RF signal at a particular section of a circuit.

Basic circuit uses an audio amplifier and a loudspeaker with switch input for AF and RF signals. The whole device can be made small as possible so it can be included in a container to maintain security. Audio amplifier section in this series created by IC TDA 2822M, with low stereo power amplifier in 8-pin mini-DIP. IC is used as a bridge cofiguration to shrink to 250 mW output power, loudspeaker handle 4 ohm, 500mW. The current required is less than 10mA with voltage of 3V battery.

RF-AF signal detector schematics

How it Works circuit

When the selector switch in the AF position, working on the input audio signal AF amplifier input (pin 7 of IC 1) through a capacitor C2 and potentiometer VR1. Capacitors C2 always hold input amplifier of the DC voltage and make it happen in the audio signal frequency. Input Signal IC 1 can be arranged with the help of potentiometers VR1.

When the selector switch in position RF and demodulator detector circuit formed by capacitor C1, diode D1, and resistors R1 and R2 are connected to the input The set. When the audio signal is detected then it will actually go kerangkaian to be strengthened. Signal detection is done by plugging probe (probe) on the legs of the existing components.

Tuesday, September 2, 2014

Mono audio amplifier 1 5W

VCC MIN. V - 6
VCC NOM. V - 12
VCC MAX. V - 18
P. OUT W - 1.5
RL OHM - 15